Detection of Vanadium Using Immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)

Detection of Vanadium Using Immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo) Naked eye detection of vanadium using immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol on functionalized HMS Mohamad taghi Samadi1, Abas Afkhami2, Kadijeh Shamsi 1, *and Abdolmotaleb Said mohamadi1 abstract In this work, inexpensive optical sensor for the naked eye detection of vanadium by immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol on the functionalized hexagonal mesoporous silica via N-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride in aqueous mediae has been used. The effects of several factors such as pH, reaction time, amount of the material, and the presence of various concentration HMS-TMAC-PAR has been studied so as to optimize operating conditions. The detection was result the color change of PAR complexation with vanadium as of orange-yellow to purple in alkaline solutions. Furthermore, the good performance of the hexagonal sensors was dependent on main factors such as, the reaction time, and the pH value that showed possible naked-eye detection of vanadium concentration of special interest was that our mesostructured sensor design supply control over the retention of the potential functionality of the naked-eye sensing system of vanadium ions upon the storage and even lat er several regeneration and reuse cycles, indicating wide-scale reversibility of sensing methods. The detection and quantification limits for the method when determining vanadium were 40 ppb–400 ppb, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Good chemical stability of the substantial was seeing for a period of several months. Introduction Vanadium is ordinarily distributed in the earth’s crust but in little profusion. Vanadium at trace amounts represents a vital element for normal cell growth, but can be toxic when present at much concentration(1). the combustion of fossil fuel are described as one of the important sources of environmental pollution by vanadium since coal and oil are in among the richest sources of the metal . Usual deposits of vanadium in coal and basic oil vary amid 1 and 1.5Ãâ€"103 mg/kg and it has been estimated that different 65Ãâ€"103tons are released into the environment every year by natural discharges such as volcanoes and 2Ãâ€"105 tons by anthropological resource(2). The concentration of vanadium in water is largely dependent on geographical position and ranges from 0.0002 to more than 0.1 mg/litre in freshwater(3). the selective and sensitive detection of low concentrations of vanadium is very important (4). Though several methods are available for detection (AAS/AES[1] ØŒI CPMS[2] , ICPEAS[3] (1, 5) but these methods are expensive, need sophisticated apparatuss and require extreme control of experimental procedures or unavailable for the on-site detection. The field of optical chemical sensors has been a growing research area over the last three decades. Chemical sensors are miniaturized devices that can supply real time and on-line information on the presence of specific compounds in even complex samples(6) In the last years,have seen the appearance of mesoporous silicate-based sensing uses. Sensor system Mesoporous silicas, with large BET surface area, narrowly distributed pore size, high porosity(7), have shown unlimited potential for sensing applications in new years. Morphological control gifts them versatility in the mode of arrangement whether as monoliths, mass powders, thin films, or implanted in coatings. Great surface areas and pore sizes greater has made them effective as adsorbent. This elude the leaching that can occur from physical enca psulation and mesopores can allow accessibility of analytes to many of active locates systems, UV-visible spectrophotometry has been often used for quantitative determination of analytes(8). According to the recently research, The hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) is a material with high specific surface area and large pore diameter. HMS mesoporous silica has been first presented by Pinnavaia and co-workers(9) . present 0f high surface area and uniform pore size that make HMS suitable for catalyst supports(10) Moreover, Modifying the silica wall surface with organic groups to make their characteristic and achieve specific goal(11). A inexpensive visual sensor for the optical detection of very low concentrations of many heavy metal based on functionalization with 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR)(12). Its color changes from yellow to red while complexed with metal ions such as Cu2+. Various applications for PAR and its similarities have been put into practice. Therefore a different heavy metal ions responsive optical sensor (HMS-TMAC-PAR) has been prepared by grafted surface functionalization of the original HMS with (TMAC[4]) and then via immobilization of PAR probe. HMS-TMAC-PAR has some important advantages as a solid-state colorimetric sensor(13) .In the present paper, a simple, selective and sensitive method is proposed for the vanadium determination at very low concentrations. 2. Experimental 2.1.Reagents and materials Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) 98% (M = 208.33, d = 0.934 g/mL) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Germany). dodecylamine (DDA) 98% (M = 185.36) was purchased from Merck, Germany. TMAC (50% methanol solution) was purchased from ABCR, Germany. PAR was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Germany) .Ethanol and toluene was purchased from Merck .All materials were of analytical reagent (AR) grade and used without further purification. 2.2. Apparatus and instruments The XRD experiments were performed by a APD2000 diffractometer using Cu K_ radiation over the range of 1.54Aà ¢- ¦.FTIR spectra of the samples were recorded in mid IR (400-4000 cm−1) region on a PERKIN EL MER65 spectrometer, using KBr pellet technique. UV–vis spectra were measured on a HACH DR -5000 spectrophotometer. In order to measure the pH value a HACH SENSION1 digital pH meter was used . 2.3.Synthesis of hexagonal mesoporous silica Synthesis of hexagonal mesoporous silica was achieved by dissolve DDA (200 mg) in a mixed solvent of water (0.28 L) and ethanol (0.19 L), after that the addition of TEOS (0.0112 L). The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 9–11 with HCl. The finishing gel was stirred continually at room temperature for 18 h, and The product was filtered, washed by abundant distilled water, air-dried in an oven at 100à ¢- ¦C.and then was accomplished by calcinations at 640à ¢- ¦C for 4 h in air to remove the organic template. 2.4. Fabrication of HMS-TMAC-PAR Anhydrous toluene containing TMAC and HMS was refluxed for 18 h under an N2 atmosphere. The reaction mixture was washed thoroughly with ethanol and water to remove unreacted TMAC and then material was dried in an oven at 65 à ¢- ¦C for 12 h to obtain HMS-TMAC. The immobilization of PAR on HMS-TMAC was performed by the addition of 0.6 g HMS-TMAC solid to PAR solution (93 Ãâ€" 10−6 M, 180 mL) in stirring for 3 h. it was washed with water to remove unreacted PAR. The material was dried in a vacuum oven at 65  °C overnight and then ground to fine powder. The synthetic routes of HMS-TMAC-PAR were illustrated in Scheme 1. Scheme 1. HMS-TMAC-PAR 2.5.Detection procedure Batch and column processes were employed to study the detection of vanadium from aqueous solutions with HMS-TMAC- PAR. Concentration of stock solutions of vanadium (V) (1000.00  µg ml-1.) Prepared by dissolving 2.2965g ammonium metavanadate (99.99% Merck) in 1000ml of 5% hydrochloric acid solution. The suspension solutions of HMS-TMACPAR (0.5 g L−1) were prepared in aqueous solution at different pH values, which were adjusted with 0.2 M NaOH or 0.2 M HCl. Every time a 2 mL suspension solution of HMS-TMAC-PAR was filled in a 1 cm quartz cell and various stock solutions of cations were added into the quartz cell gradually by using a micro-syringe. Standard and blank solutions were prepared, in all the experiments in the same way as those samples. The linear working range for measurements was (y = 0.005x + 0.015, R2 = 0.990). The vanadium was estimated qualitatively using naked-eye colorimetric assessment and it was detected quantitatively using UV–vis reflectance spectrometry at 510 nm. 3.Results and discussion 3.1.Characteristics of HMS-TMAC-PAR The XRD patterns of samples are displayed in Fig. 1. The XRD measurements were employed in order to study the mesoporous structure of the supports. the patterns have a single low-angle diffraction peak at about 2 ÃŽ ¸ =1.9à ¢- ¦ for HMS and HMS-TMAC- PAR. but, the intensities of the peak of sample HMS-TMAC- PAR decrease, suggestive of that the mesoporous structure of sample HMS-TMAC- PAR. happen to fewer uniform ahead the foreword of the organic molecules interested in HMS(13). Figure 1. XRD patterns of HMS and HMS-TMAC- PAR. FT-IR spectra of HMS-TMAC-PAR is shown in Fig. 2. The HMS-TMAC-PAR sample show the characteristic Si- O- Si bands associated by the shape of a condensed silica network that be present at 1091, 965, 799 and 459 cm−1. The findings revealed that the mesoporous silica (HMS) has been grafted via TMAC organic molecules(13). Fig. 1. FT-IR spectra of (a) HMS, and (b) HMS-TMAC-PAR. 3.2.Calibration graph The effects of various factors such as pH, reaction time, amount of material needed, and the presence of various concentration of vanadium were studied to optimize the conditions for quick visual detection of vanadium. Fig..3represents the absorbance of HMS-TMAC-PAR at 510 nm against vanadium concentrations and shows a linear correlation in the range from 40 to 500 ppb with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 . The nonlinear nature of the curve at higher concentrations is due to saturation effects. Fig.3.Calibration curves of the absorbance of HMS-TMAC-PAR with different concentrations  of vanadium at pH 12.0 at 510 nm. The detection limit of HMS-TMAC- PAR for vanadium was also tested. Fig. 3 represents the absorbance of HMS-TMAC-PAR at 510 nm against vanadium concentrations and a good linearity relationship was gained in the range of 40 to 500 ppb with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The spectrometer detection limit (DL) of vanadium using HMS-TMAC-PAR was estimated from the linear part of the calibration plot, according to the Eq. (1) DL = (1) where k is a factor equal to 3, m is the slope of the calibration graph in the lin-ear range, and Sb is the standard deviation for the blank. Here, The accuracy and precision of the method were tested by five successive measurements using a standard solution of 200ppb of vanadium. The resultant DL value is 0.88ppb. 3.3. Effect of the pH In order to determine the pH effect on the detection capacity of HMS-TMAC- PAR in batch experiments, solutions were prepared at different pH levels ranging from 2, 7 and 10. The pH-dependence studies showed that the complexation of vanadium with HMS-TMAC- PAR is formed in a wide range of pH, from 2 to 10(Fig. 4), which is similar to the results reported by Gang Li et al(13) . Also displays that upon the addition of vanadium, the virtual maximum absorption at pH 10.0, which has been selected as the specific pH for detecting vanadium in aqueous solution using HMS -TMAC- PAR. Hence, the maximum color and spectrum development of [V–HTP]n+ complexes were at a pH value of 10. Fig. 4. Effect of pH on absorbance at 510 nm in UV–vis spectra of HMS-TMAC-PAR (0.5 g L−1 ) with vanadium 200ppb. 3.4. Effect of the reaction time Studies on the reaction time indicated that the kinetic time response of the V–HTP complex formation was studied by constantly monitoring the absorption spectra .as shown in Fig. 5. After addition of 200ppb of vanadium, the absorbance increases rapidly within 90 s and in that case residue constant with time, so shows that the reaction has completed. . Therefore HMSTMAC- PAR had been can suplid rapid colorimetric detection. Fig. 5. Response time of HMS-TMAC-PAR (0.5 g L−1, pH 12.0) with vanadium 200ppb the later addition of vanadium ions, the color change of the sensors as a function of time. The findings revealed that charge transfer among the vanadium and PR probe has been accomplished in a short time (30 s ≠¤ Response time ≠¥180s) caused by the aptitude of the nanostructured sensors with open, great, and identical pore architectures to let the able binding of vanadium ions with graft PR-probe. actually the high metal change, that is ion transport, and the similarity of the metal–ligand binding were significantly affected by the structural morphology and geometry, as obviously evidence from the Response time value(14). 3.5. Effect of sensor amount Studies on the sensor amount (Fig. 6) indicated that In actual fact, porosity, high surface area of the HMS hexagonal materials are beneficial to permit high adsorption capability of the chromophore investigation in quick kinetic systems. The amount adsorbed of the probe have a important roul in making a significant ion-sensing system. but , results show that the nature of the ion-sensing system is also reliant on the amount of solid support-probe used. On the other hand, the PR probe concentration significantly led to better sensitivity of the chemo sensors. The results show that 0.5 gr of sensors was enough to monitor a respectable color separation between the blank and the sample even at low vanadium ion concentration. Fig. 6. Effect of HMS-TMAC-PAR sensor amounts with vanadium (200 ppb) at pH 10.0, 510 nm 3.6. Effect concentration of vanadium In order to evaluate the effect of initial vanadium concentration, The naked-eye detection is achieved at a concentration range of 40–400 ppb using HMS-TMAC-PAR Fig.7. A considerable color change for HMS-TMAC-PAR is observed from yellow to purple with an increase in vanadium concentration Fig. 7. Color reaction of HMS-TMAC-PAR (0.5 g L−1, pH 10.0) with various concentrations of vanadium conclusions A highly sensitive optical sensor for the visual detection of low concentrations of vanadium is designed by the immobilization of PAR on the functionalized HMS. The high sensitivity of the optical sensor could be caused by its high surface area and the uniform pore sizes and pore shapes of the mesoporous silica. Controlled experimental conditions also allowed naked-eye detection of vanadium ion concentration with detection limit as low as 0.88ppb In alkaline solutions .generally, HMS-TMAC-PAR provide strange sensitivity, reusability and fast colorimetric detection of heavy metal ions, particularly vanadium for track of heavy metal pollutants in the environmental samples. The findings revealed that it could be successfully used as a colorimetric optical sensor for the quantitative and qualitative detection of very low concentrations of vanadium in various samples. REFERENCES PyrzyØ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ska K, Wierzbicki T. Determination of vanadium species in environmental samples. Talanta. 2004;64(4):823-9. Adachi A, Sawada S, Shida K, Nakamura E, Okano T. Determination of vanadium in foods by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 1999;5(1):15-21. Full TOC. 6.12 Vanadium. Changes.523:80. Hiraki K, Nakaguchi Y, Morita M, Kitamaki H. Determination of trace vanadium by addition of both sodium selenite and calcium chloride with polarized Zeeman effect graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytical sciences. 1986;2:561-6. Filik H, Berker KI, Balkis N, Apak R. Simultaneous preconcentration of vanadium (V/IV) species with palmitoyl quinolin-8-ol bonded to amberlite XAD 2 and their separate spectrophotometric determination with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol using CDTA as masking agent. Analytica chimica acta. 2004;518(1):173-9. McDonagh C, Burke CS, MacCraith BD. Optical chemical sensors. Chemical reviews. 2008;108(2):400. Morante-Zarcero S, Snchez A, Fajardo M, del Hierro I, Sierra I. Voltammetric analysis of Pb (II) in natural waters using a carbon paste electrode modified with 5-mercapto-1-methyltetrazol grafted on hexagonal mesoporous silica. Microchimica Acta.169(1-2):57-64. Melde BJ, Johnson BJ, Charles PT. Mesoporous silicate materials in sensing. Sensors. 2008;8(8):5202-28. P.T. Tanev, M. Chibwe, T.J. Pinnavaia, Titanium-containing mesoporous molecular sieves for catalytic oxidation of aromatic compounds, Nature 368 (1994)321–323. Martn N, Lpez-Gaona A, Viniegra M, Villamil P, CØ £rdoba G. Synthesis and characterization of a mesoporous HMS and its use as support of platinum catalysts. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis.101(2):491-500. Aguado J, Arsuaga JM, Arencibia A, Lindo M, Gascn V. Aqueous heavy metals removal by adsorption on amine-functionalized mesoporous silica. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009;163(1):213-21. Balaji T, Sasidharan M, Matsunaga H. Naked eye detection of cadmium using inorganic-organic hybrid mesoporous material. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2006;384(2):488-94. Liu T, Li G, Zhang N, Chen Y. An inorganic-organic hybrid optical sensor for heavy metal ion detection based on immobilizing 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol on functionalized HMS. Journal of Hazardous Materials.201-â€Å"202(0):155-61. Zhang N, Li G, Cheng Z, Zuo X. Rhodamine B immobilized on hollow Au-HMS material for naked-eye detection of Hg 2+ in aqueous media. Journal of hazardous materials. 2012;229– 230(2012):404-10. [1] -Atomic emission spectroscopy [2] Iinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [3]-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy [4] N-trimethoxysilylpropyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride

Psychology 300 Final Exam

Final Exam 1 PSY/300 Final Exam: PSY/300 (Weeks 1-5) Multiple Choice1. Erik Erikson argues that an understanding of an individual's behavior requires consideration of: A) Biological events B) Psychological experience C) Cultural and historical context D) all of the above 2.The aim of biopsychology (also referred to as behavioral neuroscience) is to: A) Link soma and somette in order to understand how emotions manifest themselves behaviorally B) Investigate the physical basis of psychological phenomena such as motivation, emotion, and stress C) Understand the complex interactions of the nervous system D) Study how thoughts and feelings influence an individual’s biological reactions 3.The first laboratory in Psychology was founded in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879 by: A) Sigmund Freud B) Wilhelm Wundt C) William James D) Rene Descartes 4. The approach to psychology which involved devising a method for uncovering the basic elements of consciousness and the way they combine with each o ther into ideas was known as A) Structuralism B) Behaviorialism Final Exam 2 PSY/300 C) Functionalism D) Elementarism 5. Which field of psychology argues that one's perception of the pieces will be influenced when seeing them as parts of the whole?A) Evolutionary B) Perceptual C) Empirical D) Gestalt 6. A hypothesis is best characterized as: A) A procedure that precedes a theoretical framework B) Any phenomenon that can change from one situation to another C) A systematic way of organizing and explaining observations D) A tentative belief about the relationship between two or more variables 7. To ensure that I am a good researcher, I gave the same questionnaire to the same participants at three different points in time. I hope to get ssentially the same answers. If I do, then I can conclude that my experiment has: A) Internal validity B) External validity C) Inter-rater reliability D) test-retest reliability 8. When it comes to the ethics of animal research, which one of the followi ng is NOT an issue? A) Some animals are cuter than others B) Whether animals have rights Final Exam 3 PSY/300 C) To what extent humans can use other creatures to solve human problems D) That animals cannot give informed consent 9.Information is sent to the brain via the sensory or _____ neurons. A) Afferent B) Motor C) Transient D) Inter 10. Axons are responsible for A) Receiving information from other cells B) Transmitting information to other neurons C) Increasing the transmission speed of messages D) Determining how that particular neuron will manipulate input 11. There are two types of neurotransmitters. They are: A) Inhibitory and synaptic B) Modulating and excitatory C) Inhibitory and excitatory D) Modulating and synaptic 12.The part of the cerebral cortex that is involved in the sense of touch and feeling one’s own body in space is the: A) Parietal lobe B) Occipital lobe C) Temporal lobe D) Frontal lobe Final Exam 4 PSY/300 13. Which of the following is NOT a basic pri nciple of sensation and perception? A) Sensation and perception require strong enough impulses to surpass minimal thresholds B) Sensation and perception are active processes C) There is no one-to-one correspondence between physical and psychological reality D) Sensation and perception are adaptive 4. What kind of learning can be achieved through classical conditioning? A) Learning that an event occurred B) Learning that people have certain patterns of behavior C) Learning that two events are related D) Learning that a behavior produces a particular result 15. As you drive down the street, a leaf hits your windshield. You know that it is not going to break the windshield and yet you blink anyway. In classical conditioning, blinking to an object that is about to hit you in the face is a/an: A) CS B) CR C) UCS D) UCR 16.You recently noticed that eating sour candy causes extra salivation as your body reacts to the sour taste. You love sour candy and eat it often. The other day you purch ased a new bag of sour candy and as you were looking at the bag, you noticed that you were salivating. The sour candy is a: A) CS B) CR C) UCS Final Exam 5 PSY/300 D) UCR 17. The purpose of Watson's experiment involving little Albert was to determine if: A) Infants are innately capable of learning fear B) Phobias do exist C) Babies are just as susceptible as adults to fears D) Emotional responses can be learned 8. An important distinction between operant and classical conditioning is that: A) Classical conditioning can be used to extinguish an undesirable response while operant conditioning tends to be incapable of doing so B) In classical conditioning responses are elicited while in operant conditioning they are emitted C) Classical conditioning works best with mammals and operant conditioning works best with birds and rodents D) Classical conditioning requires an experimenter and operant conditioning does not 9. The theory of motivation that states that people are motivated by wis hes and fears is A) The cognitive approach B) The psychodynamic approach C) The biological approach D) None of the above 20. ERG theory condenses Maslow's hierarchy of needs into three distinct levels: A) Elementary, reproductive and goal realization B) Elementary, relatedness, and growth C) Existence, relatedness, and growth D) Existence, reproductive, and goal realization Final Exam 6 PSY/300 21.The part of the brain that is responsible for registering the emotional significance of objects is the A) Hypothalamus B) Limbic system C) Cortex D) Amygdala 22. Which one of the following describes a person who is fixated in the latent stage? A) person with problems committing to a relationship B) Person who is uninterested in sex C) A smoker D) Person over 40 who has never moved out of their parents' home 23. Which of the following refers to setting goals, evaluating performance, and adjusting behavior to achieve these goals in the context of ongoing feedback?A) goal-establishment B) out come-management C) potential-realization D) Self-regulation 24. Which of the following factors in the Five Factor Model is believed to be the least heritable? A) Agreeableness B) Neuroticism C) Extraversion D) Openness Final Exam 7 PSY/300 25. The very last developmental crisis adult’s face, according to Erikson at least, is: A) Intimacy versus isolation B) Integrity versus despair C) Generativity versus stagnation D) Acceptance versus despondence 26.Piaget argued all of the following EXCEPT: A) Children’s thought processes are creative but constrained by physical realities and brain development B) Children experience the same stages in the same order C) Children are motivated to make sense of what they experience, integrating what they know D) Cognitive efficiency is influenced by children’s knowledge base 27. According to the psychodynamic viewpoint on moral development, children initially are relatively: A) Evil B) Narcissistic C) good D) Saintly 8. When dete rmining a diagnosis for treating mental disorders, the different axes refer to: A) The symptoms, personality disturbances, medical conditions, and environmental stressors B) The severity of the disorder and the extent to which it will interfere with daily life C) The domain of life which will be most disrupted by the disorder, such as work, school, or relationships D) The types of emotional, physical, or social disruption that can be expected from a particular disorder Final Exam 8 PSY/300 29.Which of the following is an umbrella term for a number of psychotic disorders that involve disturbances in nearly every dimension of human physiology, including thought, perception, behavior, language, communication, and emotion? A) Schizophrenia B) Personality disorder C) Mood disorder D) Dissociative disorder 30. Which personality disorder is marked by extremely unstable interpersonal relationships, dramatic mood swings, an unstable sense of identity, intense fears of separation and abandonm ent, manipulativeness, and impulsive behavior?A) Narcissistic B) Antisocial C) Borderline D) Histrionic 31. Systematic desensitization is based on the idea that A) Relaxation training can aid people with schizophrenia B) Physical contact with other people is essential for contact comfort C) Through early experiences people learn to fear social interactions D) Through classical conditioning people have associated fear with previously neutral stimuli 32. Antipsychotic medications reduce symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations by _____ activity within the brain. A) Increasing epinephrine B) Inhibiting serotonin C) Inhibiting dopamineFinal Exam 9 PSY/300 D) Increasing glutamate 33. The goal of antidepressant medications such as SSRIs is to: A) Keep serotonin acting longer in the synapses of the brain? B) Keep people from making irrational associations between ideas C) Reduce body weight and make people feel better about them D) Reduce anxiety that leads to depression 34. Character istics that are attributed to people based on their membership in a specific group, and that are often over-generalized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information are called: A) Prejudices B) Biases C) Stereotypes D) Discrimination 5. Cognitive bias in social cognition is thought to be the result of: A) Heuristics that can lead people awry B) Schemas and attributions being influenced by wishes, needs, and desires C) People frequently lacking the time to make accurate attributions D) all of the above 36. The relationship between personality and self-schemas can be seen in a number of ways. Which one of the following is NOT true of that relationship?A) People who feel disappointment, dissatisfaction, shame, and embarrassment have a discrepancy between actual and ideal selves B) People who feel anxiety, fear, resentment, guilt, self-contempt, or uneasiness have a discrepancy between actual and ought selves C) People who experience feelings of failure, social rejection, isolation, an d a lack of Final Exam 10 PSY/300 accomplishment have a discrepancy between ideal and ought selves D) All of the above are true of the relationship between personality and self-schemas 37.Companionate love involves: A) Wild emotions, intense physiological arousal, and absorption in another person B) Deep affection, friendship, and emotional intimacy C) Acquaintance cordiality, friendship, and societal responsibility D) Selflessness, altruism, and reciprocal giving 38. Behaving in a way that helps another person with no apparent gain, or with potential cost, to oneself is known as: A) Selfless gratification B) Ego protection C) Ethical hedonism D) Altruism 39. Which of the following is a drawback of antianxiety medications?A) They can cause physiological dependence. B) There is a high relapse rate when the drugs are discontinued. C) They can cause psychological dependence. D) All of the above. 40. The three broad classes of psychopathology distinguished by psychodynamic theorists are : A) anxiety disorders, personality disorders, somatoform disorders B) organic disorders, developmental disorders, experiential disorders C) cognitive dysfunctions, behavioral abnormalities, interpersonal maladies D) personality disorders, neuroses, psychoses Final Exam 11 PSY/300

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Juveniles and Drug Abuse - 946 Words

Juveniles and Drug Abuse America Abstract A drug is a substance that modifies one or more of the bodys functions when it is consumed. Therefore, many common foods qualify as drugs. According to this definition, some of our most cherished beverages such as tea, coffee, and cola are drugs. However this paper focuses on drugs that are abused by teenagers. Surveys show that cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and inhalants are the most commonly used drugs among teenagers age thirteen through eighteen. One of the most startling findings from recent data is the degree to which to which teenagers are now involved in drug use. This drug abuse problem has gotten worse. Perhaps our society must hit rock bottom before changes can occur.†¦show more content†¦In, doing this, researchers need to continue to increase their understanding of drug use among the youth, its causes, and manifestations. Second, researchers need to explore methods of reaching youngsters during the crucial years when drugs become an alternative. Evaluatio n findings show that schools, which implemented awareness programs, had few participants in the area to partake in drugs than those schools that did not have awareness programs. The findings also indicated that the target population needs more schools to implement educational programs like Planned Parenthood and the Drug Abuse Resistance Education program (D.A.R.E.). Heightening the risks of drug abuse among juveniles makes them aware of the consequences their facing in the future. Studies show children that are aware of the risks of drugs tend to draw away from drugs rather than those have no clue about what drugs can do. Therefore, it is important to implement programs of this type in all schools. Bacchi, Carol Lee. The Politics of Affirmative Action: Women, Equality and Category Politics. London: SAGE, 1996 Bolick, Clint. 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There are many different theories on why society may think juveniles commit crimes. Some believe it can be due to that lack of attention or their low self-esteem and even the lack of support they receive from their parents. Delinquency is found in all nations and is particularly popular in highly industrialized nationsRead MoreJuvenile Crime Statistics Paper765 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Statistics Paper University of Phoenix CJA374 May 10, 2011 Juvenile Crime Statistics Paper This paper will address and summarize four different points from the juvenile arrests bulletin from 2001. Such points included in the summary are the overall decrease in juvenile arrests, the increase in drug offenses and simple assaults, implications for juvenile females and minorities, and last an assessment of the tracking of juvenile arrests as a method of measuring the amountRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And Juvenile Delinquency1610 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is participation in illegal behavior by minors8. A juvenile delinquent in the United States is a person who is typically under the age of 17 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults. Juvenile crimes can range from status offenses (such as underage smoking), toRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinque ncy Prevention1598 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), there are more than 70 million Americans, about 1 in 4 of those are younger than 18, which is the age group commonly referred to as juveniles (2014). A juvenile delinquent is created when one of these juveniles display disruptive behavior that is beyond parents control and or violates the law. The violations range from simple offenses like smoking or fighting to violent crimes like sexual assaultRead MoreJuvenile Punishment And Its Effects On Society1708 Words   |  7 Pageshave given up on themselves. This is the definition of a juvenile. Many people give up on juveniles right away. Once we give up on the juveniles then they give up on themselves. They need a hand that can help them not a hand that reprimands a mistake. Children deserve thousands of chances until they see how truly amazing they are. Some people need to fall before they fly, but when they fly it is beautiful. A juvenile who has commi tted drug related crimes deserves a chance given by rehabilitation