Is Restorative Justice More Appropriate in Dealing With Young Offenders

This paper means to clarify the arrangement of remedial equity and its points towards youth irritating, while contending focuses for and against the present framework and whether it is progressively proper as far as managing youth insulting. It will characterize remedial equity just as characterizing what is implied by customary equity. Clarifying how and why these two frameworks came to be a piece of youth equity while closing regarding which if either is progressively proper in managing youth irritating conduct. â€Å"Restorative equity is a procedure whereby parties with a stake in a particular offense all things considered determination how to manage the fallout of the offense and its suggestions for the future† (Munchie, 2004). Therapeutic Justice is another perspective about and reacting to wrongdoing, particularly according to youth irritating. For as far back as decade, particularly, there has been an expanding enthusiasm for new methodologies towards criminal equity all in all yet more so regarding adolescent misconduct and finding a suitable type of discipline to get away from the marking of youth wrongdoing, which include the network and spotlight significantly more on the person in question. Zehr (1990) why should thought be one of the pioneers driving the contention for therapeutic equity featured three inquiries introduced when adopting a remedial strategy; what is the idea of the damage coming about because of the wrongdoing? What should be done to make things right or fix the mischief? Who is liable for this fix? He discovered that ‘crime is in a general sense an infringement of individuals and relational relationships’. He likewise noticed that infringement make commitments and liabilities and that helpful equity tries to recuperate and put right the wrongs. Therapeutic jus... ...rime. London: Sage Publications. Roche, D. (2003), Accountability in Restorative Justice, Oxford: University Press. White, R. and Haynes, F. (1996) Crime and Criminology: a presentation. Oxford University Press UK. Umbreit, M. and Bradshaw, W. and Coates, R. (1994) Victims of extreme savagery meet the wrongdoer: helpful equity through discourse. Global Review of Victimology, 6, p321-344. Williams, K, S. (2001) Textbook On Criminology. (fourth) Edition. Oxford University Press UK. Wright, N. (1996). A Sociology of Apology and Reconciliation, Stanford: University Press. Youthful, M. (1999) Restorative people group equity in the United States: another worldview. Universal Review of Victimology, 6, p265-277. Zehr, H. (1990) Changing Lenses: another concentration for Crime and Justice. Envoy Press USA. Demonstrations Of Parliament Human Rights Act 1998 (c.53) London : HMSO

Revealing Trans Fat Summary Free Essays

Uncovering Trans Fats Informative Abstract Trans fats will be fats coming about because of the procedure an item experiences in adding hydrogen to vegetable oil by transforming fluid oils into strong fats and dependent on proof bolstered, whenever devoured it would expand the danger of coronary illness and advance awful cholesterol at a high rate particularly among Americans; it is accordingly one of the main sources of death in the United States. As a prudent step to counter this mass impact of trans fat the Food and Drug Administration necessitated that soaked and dietary fat, for example, Trans fats realities be recorded on food names, which would give data in picking food that would help decrease coronary heart illnesses. Fats are viewed as the significant wellspring of vitality for the body and a guide in the assimilation of nutrients in the body; fats additionally give taste, consistency and strength and assist you with feeling full. We will compose a custom exposition test on Uncovering Trans Fat Summary or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Unsaturated fats then again are valuable when devoured with some restraint while then again immersed and trans fat are most certainly not. Immersed and trans fat raises awful cholesterol and may add to coronary illness. Wellbeing specialists instructed that the admission with respect to soaked fats, trans fat and cholesterol ought to be kept at least while as yet keeping up a sound eating regimen yet ought not be expelled from the eating regimen totally. It was additionally fortified that customers should give sharp consideration to wholesome realities on items to monitor their admission of these fats. A general standard in picking nourishments dependent on the realities on the mark is that buyers should attempt to guarantee that a low of 5% or less immersed fats and trans fats are in the items as to keep up a heart solid eating routine while then again, a high of 20% or more, would in this manner be a hazard to their sound. To close contingent upon whether the consumer’s good food are high in immersed fat or cholesterol they can generally repay with nourishments that are low in soaked fat and cholesterol at various interims. Clear Abstract This article on uncovering trans fats delivered some intriguing supporting realities where soaked fat, trans fat and dietary cholesterol are concerned. In view of the logical proof gave; immersed fat, trans fat and dietary cholesterol raises low-thickness lipoprotein (LDL), which builds the opportunity of having coronary illness (CHD). As indicated by the National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute of National Institutes of Health, more than 12. 5 million Americans have CHD, and in excess of 500,000 kick the bucket every year. Trans fats are produced as makers add hydrogen to vegetable oil, which is called hydrogenation. This expands the time span of usability and flavor perpetual quality of nourishments containing these fats, which can be food in vegetable shortenings, a few margarines, saltines, treats, nibble food sources and so forth. All fats anyway are not viewed as equivalent to fat is significant wellspring of vitality for the body and helps in the adsorption of nutrients A, D, E and K and carotenoids, fat is along these lines significant for the best possible development, advancement, and upkeep of good wellbeing. Unsaturated fats then again are valuable when expended with some restraint, while immersed and trans are not on the grounds that they raise LDL levels in the blood. It is along these lines suggested that purchasers ought to pick nourishments that are low in immersed fat, trans fat, and cholesterol as a component of an empowering diet. To legitimate screen the measure of soaked fat, trans fat, and cholesterol admission, it’s hypothesized that taking a gander at the nourishment realities board would give realities in regards to the measure of fats present in items, where as picking items with a low of 5% or less of immersed fats, trans fat and cholesterol would end up being more solid decision as opposed to different items with a higher pace of fats present. Step by step instructions to refer to Revealing Trans Fat Summary, Papers

Can You Have Too Much Self-Confidence

Can You Have Too Much Self-Confidence Theories Personality Psychology Print When Too Much Self-Confidence Is a Bad Thing By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 02, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 28, 2019  Petar Chernaev / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Under most circumstances, having self-confidence is a good thing. Confident people tend to be more successful in a wide variety of domains. It is this strong sense of confidence and self-esteem that allows people to go out in the world and reach for their goals. In his book Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, psychologist Albert Bandura explained that it is confidence, more than any other quality, that contributes to positive outcomes when pursuing goals. But can you have too much self-confidence? Is it possible to have too much of a good thing? In most cases, knowing your strengths and having the assuredness to go out and take risks are admirable qualities. But when this confidence makes you inflexible, opposed to trying new things, and incapable of listening to others, it can become detrimental to success and well-being. The Effects of Too Much Self-Confidence Excessive self-confidence can cause a number of problems in an individuals personal, social, and professional life. Missed opportunities, such as not taking on projects because they seem to easy or beneath your abilitiesTaking on too much, such as saying yes to projects that you lack the skills to completeSocial consequences, such as alienating friends by coming across as arrogantWorkplace consequences, such as coming off as overly conceited without the requisite skillRelationship consequences, which can result from being too concerned with  your capacities and performance and not enough with your partners In one review of earlier studies on self-esteem, researchers found that high self-esteem could sometimes have undesirable consequences. Kids with higher self-esteem were more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors. People with high self-esteem also tended to have worse relationships because they blamed their partners for any problems with the relationship. High self-esteem was also linked to a higher frequency of violent and aggressive behaviors. That isnt to suggest that self-esteem and confidence are bad things. In some situations, even excessive self-confidence can actually lead to some success. Highly self-confident people can sometimes bluff their way through situations, convincing others that they truly have the abilities behind their inflated sense of self. In other cases, excess confidence can be seen as deceit or even narcissism, qualities that might make an employee less appealing to current and future employers. Overconfidence in our own abilities is something that happens to everyone once in a while. You might overestimate your ability to finish a project by a certain date, only to run out of time before the project is due. The good thing is that such overconfidence is often self-correcting. Just a few instances of turning in late or shoddy work is probably enough to make you take a serious look at your time management skills. The next time a project is due, you are more likely to manage your time wisely and be more realistic about how long it will take you to complete the work. It is when this overconfidence is habitual that more serious and often lasting consequences can arise. What Causes Too Much Confidence? A number of different factors can contribute to excessive levels of self-confidence. Upbringing, culture, personality, and past experiences can all play a role in shaping how a persons sense of self develops. We are all essentially the center of our own universes, so it isnt really surprising that our own perceptions, experiences, thoughts, needs, and wants tend to loom largest in our minds. But why do some people seem to form such an exaggerated sense of self? Research suggests that certain cognitive biases can play a role in contributing to overconfidence in ones own opinions and ideas. These biases cause people to interpret events and experiences in ways that are biased toward their own existing beliefs, attitudes, and opinions. As a result, people often tend to believe that their own way of thinking and acting is superior and correct. This can result in people failing to consider how other ideas might be beneficial as well as failing to see any possible drawbacks to their own approach. It is this illusion of personal infallibility that can contribute to having too much confidence.   Perceptions of Confidence So how do we determine what levels of self-confidence are appropriate? And are such levels the same for different people and across different situations? Self-confidence is not just a psychological construct; it is also heavily influenced by culture. Individualistic cultures, for example, tend to prize self-confidence more highly than do collectivist  cultures. Society’s expectations for how much confidence people should have exerts a powerful influence on how we perceive confidence both in ourselves and in others. For example, during the earlier half of the 20th-century self-confidence was sometimes viewed as a detriment, depending upon who you were. People were expected to obey authority figures, including those who were older or who ranked higher in the social hierarchy. Self-confidence in children and women was particularly frowned upon, as kids and women were usually expected to be obedient and deferential. As the cultural tides have shifted, society’s expectations in terms of self-confidence have also changed. People are encouraged to be independent and self-esteem has become a prized characteristic. Parents want their children to be self-confident, to know what they want, and to have the motivation to achieve their goals. Social Norms Influence Perceptions of Confidence But how we perceive self-confidence is not always consistent from one individual to the next. For example, research has found that female leaders who behave the same as their male counterparts are more likely to be perceived as bossy, emotional, or aggressive. This confidence double standard makes it more difficult for women to be promoted in the workplace and to rise to leadership positions. The behaviors needed to succeed in the workplace are the very same ones that women are often punished for exhibiting. Research also suggests that we tend to penalize others when they behave in ways that are considered violations of social norms. Norms dictate that men should be confident and assertive, while women are expected to be nurturing and warm. Behaving outside these norms can have a number of consequences for both men and women. Men who are not highly assertive may be seen as timid or weak, while women who are self-assured are viewed as bossy. How Confidence Is Expressed Can Lead to Social Consequences In one study conducted by Yale researchers, men who expressed anger actually boosted their perceived status. Women who expressed the same anger, on the other hand, were rated as less competent and were thus accorded lower wages and status. The researchers also found that women’s anger tended to be attributed to internal characteristics (“She’s an angry person”) while men’s anger was blamed on outside circumstances. Interestingly, providing some type of external explanation for the anger eliminated this gender bias. So in many cases, it may not be that people are too confident. Instead, unspoken gender norms and stereotypes may cause people, especially women, to be judged as overconfident when they are really just expressing normal levels of assertiveness. Certain expressions of confidence, however, may not carry the same social and professional risks that other displays of self-confidence might. Researchers Melissa Williams and Larissa Tiedens found that women who expressed dominance through body language and facial expressions, such as  standing tall and using a loud voice, did not suffer the same loss in social perception.   While this obviously does not solve the problem of gender bias, such research does point to ways that people can express confidence without being labeled as “too confident.” Are Today’s Kids Too Confident? Another example of how perceptions of confidence can be influenced by culture is how kids are sometimes viewed by older adults. Criticisms of youth often suggest that today’s kids are frequently the recipients of so-called “participation trophies.” In other words, children receive praise for simply participating, not for the actual content of their performance. Such praise is designed to build confidence and self-esteem. Critics suggest that this approach leads to a sense of entitlement or even unearned confidence. That children move into adulthood believing that simply showing up is enough to succeed, making it harder to accept when this success does not come so easy. However, researchers such as Carol Dweck have found that praising efforts plays a critical role in building what is known as a growth mindset. A mindset is an underlying belief about intelligence and learning. People with a fixed mindset tend to believe that intelligence is an inborn trait. Those with a growth mindset believe that they can become smarter through their own efforts. People with fixed mindsets tend to give up in the face of challenges because they believe they simply lack the innate traits and skills needed for success. Those with growth mindsets, on the other hand, have the confidence and understanding that they can overcome the challenge through study, practice, and effort. So what’s the best way to build confidence and a growth mindset? Dweck suggests that praising efforts, rather than outcomes, is the key. Doing this helps kids realize that their own efforts and actions determine the outcomes, which helps them gain the confidence they need to keep soldiering forward even in the face of difficulty. This doesnt mean lavishing praise on kids for doing nothing. Rather, it means recognizing their efforts instead of only focusing on the results. So why do older generations perceive younger people as overly confident? Are today’s kids really too confident for their own good? This perception is more likely due to shifts in cultural norms and expectations. Older generations were encouraged to be quiet, obedient, and out of the way. Seen, but not heard, was typically described as the ideal when it came to kids. Culture has shifted, as has our understanding of child development and children’s needs. It may not be that kids today are too confident; they are simply allowed a level of self-expression that older generations may not have gotten to enjoy as children. Building Authentic Self-Confidence Is it possible that you have too much self-confidence? For many people, the answer to that question is probably not. In fact, people often tend to deal with the opposite problem â€" having too little confidence.  So if you have a solid sense of self and the assuredness to go after what you want in life, thats great! If your sense of self extends to caring about and being concerned with the lives of others, then your confidence levels are probably just about right. If you are focused purely on yourself leaving little room for other people, then there might be a problem. There’s nothing wrong with being confident, but if this confidence is expressed as narcissism or grandiosity that damages your relationships, then there is a chance that it may be excessive. Or that you are expressing this confidence in a way that is not helping your health and relationships. When helping children develop healthy levels of confidence and esteem, praising them for efforts  is only one part of the puzzle. Confidence also comes from having the love and support of dependable caregivers, as well as a solid guidance system that balances rewards with appropriate boundaries. In such settings, children are able to explore the world, discover their personal strengths and limits, and develop the ability to self-regulate. The problem with too much self-confidence is that it often involves a grandiose view of the self without much substance behind it. People who think they are the best, smartest, or most qualified are, after all, sometimes the worst, most uninformed, and least qualified. Except they are often the only ones unaware of their shortcomings, a phenomenon known as the Dunning-Kruger effect. In other cases, excessive self-confidence involves ignoring the needs of others in favor of ones own interests. This can lead to major problems in all kinds of relationships, including romantic partnerships, friendships, and family ties. After all, who wants to spend time with someone who thinks he is better than everyone else and who only thinks about himself? How to Develop Appropriate Self-Confidence So what can people do to ensure that their self-confidence is realistic, authentic, and socially appropriate? Focus on the effort, not the outcome. Whether you are evaluating your own success or offering praise to your children, try to place a greater emphasis on the work that went into the task rather than just focusing on how things turned out. You cannot always control how things go, but you can control the amount of work you put into achieving your goals.Keep learning new things. Even if you are highly confident about your skills in an area, keep looking for new challenges. It is easy to become overconfident if we think we know everything there is to know about a subject. Finding new challenges to overcome not only sharpens your skills; it also reminds you that there are fresh ways of thinking about things.Listen to what others have to say. Overconfidence can sometimes cause people to become rigid and even dogmatic. Instead of assuming that your way is the right or only way, try to keep an open mind. You might not always agree with other people, but it is important to listen in order to gain a new perspective. A Word From Verywell Self-confidence is usually something that people wish they could improve, yet sometimes excessive levels of confidence can be a problem. When confidence becomes arrogance, it can alienate others and make it difficult to succeed both socially and professionally. Developing a healthy sense of self-confidence is important to success. Such confidence allows people to believe in their own abilities to take on challenges and overcome obstacles. Strive to strike the right balance with a strong sense of self-confidence without the pomposity of egocentrism.

Diabetes Type II Symptoms, Risk Factors, And Treatments

Running Head: Diabetes Type II Diabetes Type II: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatments Introduction There are three types of diabetes: type 1diabetes and type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. All three are chronic conditions that affect how the body uses blood glucose or blood sugar. The body needs glucose because it is an important source of energy for the cells that make up an individual s muscles and tissues Individuals with diabetes have too much glucose in their blood, which will inevitably lead to serious problems with a person s health. Since every cell, tissue, and muscle needs glucose to function properly, it is important for a person who shows signs and symptoms of diabetes to see a doctor†¦show more content†¦This is how the body gets its fuel. Patients who have diabetes have high blood sugar (mayoclinic.com) because their body are unable to process the glucose; therefore, tissues, cells, and muscles cannot absorb glucose to use as energy. The two major reasons for a patient s body to not be able to process glucose, is because their pancre as does not make enough insulin, or their cells do not respond to insulin normally (mayoclinic.com). As for gestational diabetes, this occurs in women who are pregnant who do not have diabetes. Figure 1. Source: http://www.webmd.boots.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-type-2-diabetes-overview According to Figure 1, the illustration reveals that the body s cells are unable to properly absorb adequate amounts of glucose. In the normal process, the body is able to absorb glucose because of proper insulin levels. However, when the body becomes insulin resistant, there is a buildup of glucose in the blood. When the body does not respond to insulin, the individual will most likely develop Type 2 Diabetes. Symptoms of Diabetes Type II include blurry vision and fatigue. Because the cells aren t getting enough glucose, they cannot function properly. The patient might be thirsty and hungry constantly; however, they might also exhibit signs of unexplained weight loss (mayoclinic.com). Other signs and symptoms include frequent infections,

The Media s Influence On Society - 945 Words

Growing up, children are predisposed to TV shows and literature that tend to shape/place ideas in their mind as to how relationships form and what a relationship consists of. The famous saying goes that opposites attract and it is never more prominent than in the media of today s society. It is evident in various comic books, animes, cartoons, and well-known books acknowledged by people of different ages. Opposite attraction is shown in the media as a very natural and constant occurrence while this tends to get overexpressed it still holds some truth in everyday relationships. The media portrays relationships in such a way so that it grabs the audience s attention and keeps them engrossed throughout the whole story wither it be fiction or non-fiction. The media sees opposites attracting because both of the character s high points and low points in their personality tend to compliment the other (Opposites Attract, n.d). Having two characters who are opposites but attracted to each oth er also adds to the ‘will-they/wont-they scenario. This trope is where the relationship between two characters are held off for an extended period of time due to a variety of situations. It helps to keep the audience of their toes but more often than not the couple will get their happy ending (Opposites Attract, n.d). One of the more well-known examples of this is Ron and Hermione from Harry Potter by J.K Rowling. Hermione is said to be the brightest witch of her age; she is intelligent,Show MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On Society1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe media s the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that s power. Because they control the minds of the masses† (Ruddy, 2002). Malcolm X, a prominent African American human rights activist, strongly believed that the media played a vital role in how they make society perceive events and people. An issue that is present, historically and currently, is media contributing to racism. When news is reported involvingRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1454 Words   |  6 PagesThe Media’s Chokehold The media s influence on society is suffocating and undeniable. Body image has become overwhelmingly present in most media today. The front cover of a magazine may critically exclaim â€Å"so-and-so has cellulite† or â€Å"so and so is too thin†. Popular reality stars like Nicole Polizzi (otherwise known as â€Å"Snooki†) have been criticized for being to large and then criticized for being too thin after dropping the weight. The media teaches people to be unsatisfied with their bodiesRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1269 Words   |  6 Pages The media is full of countless things, it has completely changed the world and is now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is impossible to live without the media today. Along with it being persuasive, informational and a great source for entertainment it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240) and though someRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe media are full of countless things, they have completely changed the world we live in and are now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is almost impossible to live without the media. Along with it being persuasive, informative and a great source for entertainment, it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240)Read MoreMedia s Influence On Society1293 Words   |  6 PagesMedia is a major contributor of how social groups are perceived in today’s society. Mediais around us every day almost all day, and it constantly sends messages about the world’s environment. There are many indicators shown pertaining to how media really af fects society. One of the most prominent explanations of those questions is the way media influences stereotypes. There has been previous research linking media sources and biased attitudes. This research paper explores articles supporting mediaRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagescapitalist society the United States has developed a media centered culture. Society has been influenced tremendously by mass media it seems as if it has become a necessity in life. Nine DVDs worth of data per person every day is the amount of all media delivered to consumers whether it be visual or auditorial on a daily basis. As consumers and technology develop that number will continue to increase because of the multi-tasking abilities that will be created (Zverina 13). The hold media has on societyRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1654 Words   |  7 PagesMass media is perhaps the most powerful tool in the world for creating, changing or perpetuating societyâ⠂¬â„¢s ideas about an issue or group of people. It works both blatantly and subconsciously by deciding which issues are important, how to frame those issues, who to show as affected by them, and, increasingly, providing personal commentaries on the matters at hand. Because the majority of media outlets are owned by corporations dominated by white heterosexual men, many minorities are portrayed in waysRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1475 Words   |  6 PagesMass media has affected our view as a society on social class and what defines one’s social class. Throughout this article called â€Å"Making Class Invisible† by Gregory Mantsios, we evaluate the influence media has on our society and as Mr. Mantsios states how â€Å"media plays a key role in defining our cultural tastes, helping us locate ourselves in history, establishing our national identity, and ascertaining the range of national and social possibilities† (para. 1). Our social class determines wh atRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1560 Words   |  7 Pagesare. How many times have we heard this, yet we live in a society that appears to contradict this very idea. If looks don’t matter then why do women and girls live in a society where their bodies define who they are? If looks don t matter then why is airbrushing used by the media to hide any flaws a person has? What exactly is causing this, why do we feel like we are just not beautiful the way we are? Its the media. It’s because the media promotes a certain body image as being beautiful, and it’sRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1416 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The media s the most powerful entity on Earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that s power. Because they control the minds of the [people]† (Malcolm X). The message of this Malcolm X quote is that society can control the mind of the individual. This is true. For many years, society has influenced everyone worldwide both negatively and positively. That is because society has the ability to control the individual’s decisions. They can control

Root Causes of Financial Crisis in the 1990s Free Essays

Introduction The objective of this paper is to discuss the root causes of financial crisis in the 1990s. In this light, the paper has identified financial liberalisations that occurred in the late 1980s as a principal cause of crisis in the 1990s. The paper begins by presenting a discussion of financial liberalisation in section 2 below and then focuses on how it resulted in financial crisis in the 1990s. We will write a custom essay sample on Root Causes of Financial Crisis in the 1990s or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper employs the East Asian Financial Crisis as a case study and provides a discussion of how financial liberalisation contributed to the crisis 1997/1998 in section 2; while section 3 provides general conclusions and recommendations of the paper. Financial Liberalisation and the East Asian Financial Crisis One of the main causes of financial crisis in the 1990s was financial liberalisation which facilitated the flow of capital across borders. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, most developed and developing economies liberalised their financial systems and removed a number of regulations regarding the movement of funds. In particular many countries eliminated restrictions on foreign exchange movement thus increasing the flow of cross-border capital. One major crisis that occurred during the 1990s was the Asian Financial Crisis. This crisis has been linked directly to an increase in cross-border capital flows which resulted to currency crisis across the East Asian Countries that were involved in the crisis. Most of the countries involved in the crisis witnessed depreciation in their currencies which in turn led to major crisis across all the countries involved. Thailand was facing competition for its exports which led to a decline in its export sales. One of the reasons for Thailand†™s export declines was as a result of the devaluation of the Chinese Yuan in 1994 (Pathan et al., 2008). Rising export competition Thailand forced many businesses to shift from manufacturing to the real estate. Banks began providing loans to home buyers to facilitate real estate investments. A banking facility – The Bangkok International Banking Facility (BIBF) offered funds to both local and foreign borrowers thus facilitating their real estate investments (Pathan et al., 2008; Bisgnano, 1999). In the early 1990s, the East Asian countries were witnessing significant economic growth. As a result, these economies maintained huge current account deficits (Bird and Rajan, 2000). As a result, large inflows of capital and a depreciation of international reserves were required to reduce finance the deficits (Bird and Rajan, 2000). During This period, many East Asian economies also made significant efforts to liberalise their domestic financial systems as well as the capital account balance of payments. The establishment of the BIBF in Bankgok is a typical example of how domestic liberalisation facilitated the attraction of foreign capital. It enabled domestic banks to accept foreign-currency-denominated loans and deposits from foreign investors. These loans were later used to offer loans to the domestic market. This process led many local firms to increase their leverage thus increasing their financial risk. Net capital inflows for all countries in the region were positive and most often than not exceeded the current account deposit. In addition, international reserves were significantly high (The World Bank, 2000). Capital inflows were significantly high in Malaysia and Thailand. These countries were classified among the top ten emerging market economies to received net private capital flows during the period under study (Lopez-Mejia, 1999). A significant portion of the loans were made in foreign currency. This strategy increased the gearing of many foreign and local borrowers. The huge influx of capital combined with high current account and trade deficits in the first half of the 1990s resulted in the massive decline in the value of the currencies of the region, which eventually transformed into the financial and economic crisis of 1997 and 1998. Moreover, most of the countries involved in the crisis were operating a semi-pegged exchange rate regime, which also contributed to the currency crisis. Significant movements in the Thai Bhat meant that the currency could no longer sustain its value. the currency was forced to crash in 1997. On the 2nd of July 1997, the Thai Bhat was allowed to float freely and its value fell tremendously against other currencies (Joosten, 2004; Pathan et al., 2008). Despite the introduction of foreign exchange controls as well as large spot and forward interventions by the government and Central bank, the magnitude of the disaster on the currency was so high that these measures could not stop it. As a result, the devaluation of the Thai Bhat on the 2nd of July 1997 marked the onset of the East Asian Financial Crisis (Joosten, 2004; Li and Kwok, 2008). The currency crisis in Thailand was transmitted to five other East Asian economies. As explained earlier, the main cause of the crisis was the liberalization of the financial system which led to large cross border movements in foreign currency. The large movement in the East Asian currencies led to the ir depreciation which eventually led to the crisis. Singapore has often tried to compare itself to London as a major financial Centre. Consequently, U.S financial institutions often used it as a safe haven for depositing toxic assets. Given the liberalised nature of global financial markets, Singapore attracted a lot of toxic assets from the U.S which also helped in fuelling the crisis in Singapore (Lim and Maru, 2010). In Indonesia, the channel taken by the crisis was somewhat different from those of other countries like Korea and Thailand (Joosten, 2004). The Central Bank (Bank of Indonesia) increasing became concerned about an economy that was operating above full employment and decided to take measures that would slow down the economy to ensure that it return to full employment. The Central bank however, lacked the tools required to reduce aggregate demand. This is because it became concerned that if interest rates were increased, more foreign capital would flow into the economy a situation that would result to a currency crisis. Lack of an appropriate monetary policy tool meant that the Central Bank was unable to prevent an imminent crisis. Like Indonesia, Malaysia’s economy was operating beyond full employment. During the year 1995, the country witnessed an increase in public investment. The money was spent mainly on large infrastructure projects (Joosten, 2004). By the end of 1996, the count, Malaysia witnessed a decline in its current account deficit and the concerns over capacity overutilization were reduced. However, given increasing concerns over the ability of other East Asian countries as good investment environments, investors began to perceive Malaysia as a safe haven. Consequently, the country witnessed a huge influx of foreign capital which resulted in an increase in bank lending that in turn fuelled an asset boom. The influx in capital led to an increase in the country’s current account deficit over the period 1992-1995 as wel as declining exports. Huge current account deficits combined with trade deficits, the local currency could no longer sustain its value. This means that Malaysia could n ot escape the crisis either. The Philipines also had a sound economy when compared to other East Asian economies. The country operated at low levels of foreign debt and showed no immediate risk of a crisis. However, an influx in foreign capital soon fuelled a rapid lending boom that was mainly used in the financing of risky investments and as such the country began facing difficulties (Joosten, 2004). Table 1: Current Account (% of GDP). YearIndonesiaMalaysiaPhilippinesRepublic of KoreaThailand 1992-2.0-3.7-1.6-1.3-5.5 1993-1.3-4.6-5.50.3-4.9 1994-1.6-7.6-4.6-1.0-5.4 1995-3.2-9.8-4.4-1.7-7.9 1996-3.4-4.4-4.8-4.4-7.9 Source: (Joosten, 2004). Table 1 above illustrates the current account as a percentage of GDP for the East Asian Economies that were involved in the crisis over the period 1992 to 1995. It can be observed that all five countries exhibited a negative current account indicating that they operated current account deficits throughout the five year period leading up to the crisis. Korea however had a positive figure of 0.3% in the year 1993. Thailand showed the worst economic performance as evidenced by its largest current account deficit which kept widening with time. Conclusions and Recommendations The objective of this paper was to identify the root causes of financial crisis in the 1990s. Using the East Asian Financial Crisis as a case study, the paper concludes that one of the major causes of financial crisis in the 1990s was financial liberalization. Financial liberalization facilitated the movement of capital across borders. The East Asian Economies liberalized their financial systems thereby allowing a huge influx of foreign capital. Given that most of these countries suffered trade deficits, the capital was spent mainly on infrastructural development which means that enough returns could not be realized to cover the current account deficits. As such the current account deficits had to be financed with international reserves. This resulted in a currency crisis across the region which eventually led to the financial crisis in 1997 and 1998. One of the main lessens that can be learnt from this crisis is that countries with huge current account deficits should not attract fo reign capital if they are also operating trade deficits. This is because most of the foreign capital is used to finance unprofitable projects that cannot generate enough cash flows to offset the current account deficit. This increases the financial risks of both the private and public sector, which eventually result in a financial crisis. References Bird, G. and Rajan, R. S. (2000) â€Å"BANKS, FINANCIAL LIBERALISATION AND FINANCIAL CRISES IN EMERGING MARKETS†, available online at: http://www.freewebs.com/rrajan01/liberalfull.pdf , accessed: [8th January, 2012]. Bisgnano J. (1999). Precarious Credit Equilibria: Reflections On The Asian Financial Crisis. BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS Monetary and Economic Department Basle, Switzerland Working Papers. Joosten W. (2004). The Asian Financial Crisis in Retrospect. What HappenedWhat Can we concludeCPB Memorandum. CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. Li, K., Kwok m. (2008). Output volatility of five crisis-affected East Asia economies Japan and the World Economy, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 April 2008. Lopez-Mejia, A. (1999), â€Å"Large Capital Flows: A Survey of the Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses†, Working Paper 99/17, IMF. Mahui, M. N., Maru, J. (2010), â€Å"Financial Liberalisation and the Impact of the Financial Crisis on Singapore†, Third World Network 131 Jalan Macalister, 10400 Penang, Malaysia. Pathan, S., Skully, M. Wickramanayake, J. (2008) Reforms in Thai bank governance: the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis, International Review of Financial Analysis, 17 (2), 345-362. World Bank (2000), East Asia: Recovery and Beyond, New York: Oxford University Press. How to cite Root Causes of Financial Crisis in the 1990s, Essay examples

Non Alcoholic Carbonated Drinks Essay Example

Non Alcoholic Carbonated Drinks Essay According to AC Nielsen, beverages dominate the list of fastest growing food and beverages categories in the global market place. While water (still and carbonated) was the leading food and beverages product, carbonated beverages experienced 6% of growth rate (2000-2001). Soft drinks consumption worldwide is growing by around 5% a year, according Global Soft drinks 2002. Averagely, the market grew by 5% 6% per year. The zeniths 2002 global soft drinks report indicates that carbonates are the biggest soft drinks sector with 45% of global volume. Besides that, the report also shows that North America is the largest soft drinks market with a 27% volume share in 2001 and the fastest growing countries were Asia, East Europe and the Middle East. Zenith Research Director, Gary Roethenbaugh commented that the highly populous and rapidly emerging markets, such as China and India, consumption in Asia is projected to overtake that of North America in 2006. The overall sustainable growth of soft drinks in the beverages market provides marketer and manufacturer of non alcoholic carbonated soft drinks tremendous opportunity as well as challenges to realize the full potential of the market. To capitalize on the opportunities of the growing market, successful marketers concentrate effort to learn more about their consumers. Most of the time, marketers focus mainly on understanding the consumer decision making process, however, the internal and external influences that affect the overall decision making is also equally important. Consumer Decision Making Process Although consumers of a particular group may be similar in appearance and speaks the same language, that does not always mean they have the same product needs, preference and shopping behaviour. Therefore marketers need to develop a deeper understanding of the psychological, personal, social and culture of the consumers. These are the characteristic that influences the consumers response towards the marketing stimuli which will then affect the consumer decision making process. We will write a custom essay sample on Non Alcoholic Carbonated Drinks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Non Alcoholic Carbonated Drinks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Non Alcoholic Carbonated Drinks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Most marketing and consumer behaviour books suggest that consumers go through a five-stage decision making process in any purchase. Based on the diagram illustrated in Diagram 1, it is important that marketers consider the whole buying process rather than just the purchase decision as it may be too late for a business to influence the choice made. In most cases, customers pass through all stages in every purchase, however, in more routine purchases, for example toothpaste, household cleaning detergents, customers often skip or reverse some of the stages. For example, a student buying his/her favourite soft drink would recognize the need, in this case thirst and go right to the purchase decision, skipping info search and evaluation. Cultural Factor Country of origins, cultural heritage, language and recent histories, all influences beverage consumption. Successful marketers use these factors to drive decisions about product assortment and marketing in order to appeal to the target market. Culture is the most basic cause of a wants and behaviour. Growing up children learn basic values, perception and wants from the family and other important groups. Marketers of non alcoholic carbonated beverages should always spot cultural shift which might point to a new product that might be wanted by customers or to increase demand. For example, the cultural shift in Malaysia towards greater concern about health and fitness has provided an opportunity to Coca-Cola Light. During the Coca-Cola Light in Kuala Lumpur, Mr Reiner Becker, Country Manger of Coca-Cola Malaysia, said that Coca-Cola Light is intended to be a great-tasting light beverage for consumers currently drink other beverages such as water, tea and juices. (www.prdomain.com/companies/c/coke/news_release.html) Malaysian consumers told us they want to treat themselves, yet they also want to take care of themselves, said Becker. Coca-Cola Light was developed to address this trend. Its got great taste, no calories and imagery that appeals to people who treat themselves as priority. Each culture contains sub cultures, which are groups of people with share values. Sub-cultures can include nationalities, religions, racial groups, or groups of people sharing the same geographical location. Sometimes a sub-culture will create a substantial and distinctive market segment of its own. For example, the youth culture has quite distinct values and buying characteristics from the much older generation. Pepsi uses celebrities like Siti Nurhaliza in Malaysia and F4 in Taiwan for its advertisements to influence the younger generations attitude. Social Factor A consumers buying behaviour is also influenced by social factors, such as the groups to which the customer belongs and social status. Coca-Cola has segmented its consumer into 4 groups which consists of the fashionable brand conscious consumer, average consumers, peer pressure consumers and coke addicts. Based on the 4 segments, the fashionable brand conscious consumer and peer pressure consumers clearly sets the example of group influenced purchased decision. The fashionable brand conscious consumers are generally in their twenties, who are universities students or make up the working class, drive fast cars (or would like to), they socialize with friends, go to parties and dance clubs. They are carefree and are freestyle. When they buy Coca-cola, they buy image, they buy fashionable drink that exudes coolness. On the other hand, the peer pressure consumers tend to be the late majority teenagers who purchase Coca-cola because their friends do it or they do not want to appear daggy purchasing a Sarsi or Sprite. They are less likely to request for Sprite or Sarsi instead of a Coca-Cola when purchasing a value meal at McDonalds for fear of dagginess. (www.coke.com) In a group, several individuals may interact to influence the purchase decision. The typical roles of an individual are initiator, influencer, decider, buyer and user. In the case of carbonated beverages, because it is a low involvement product, most of the time its target consumers could play all the roles at the same time. Motivation Most often, we human mislead ourselves when we attempt to explain our behaviour in our desire to act as retinal human beings. Sometimes we do not want to admit or even realise the real reason for our behaviour because it is, more often that not, irrational. Relating this back to marketing, it is clear that a brand or organisation has both an identity and a personality. When consumers are asked the reason why they buy a brand they will respond rationally and often describe the brands identity, such as the objective or explicit characteristics observed by the conscious thinking brain which are easily verbalised. However, a brand also has a personality, intangible traits that differentiate it from its competitors which we experience but cannot easily verbalise. For example, most consumers initially cite taste as the reason why they consume a certain brand of cola soft drinks. However, during a blind taste test conducted by Pepsi to challenge Coca-Cola drinkers, most loyal consumers could not differentiate their favourite brand. The truth is that these consumers are motivated by a group cohesion, equality and bonding towards the brand. Changes in Asia Pacific The family unit is usually considered to be the most important buying organisation in society. It has been researched extensively. Marketers are particularly interested in the roles and relative influence of the husband, wife and children on the purchase of a large variety of products and services. There is evidence that the traditional husband-wife buying roles are changing. Almost everywhere in the world, the wife is traditionally the main buyer for the family, especially in the areas of food, household products and clothing. However, with increasing numbers of women in full-time work the traditional roles are reversing. Besides, children also play an important role in influencing the buying decision making. In relation to this, and as consumers lifestyles is becoming increasingly demanding, the non alcoholic carbonated industry has become more competitive. Manufacturers are introducing new carbonated drinks such as additional of flavours and attractive packaging to capture market share. For example, Pepsi has introduce the Pepsi Blue, a blueberry flavour drink in addition to its typical cola and diet cola drink, provides consumers additional choices and varieties. The shopping and purchasing habits of consumers are also changing. People are working longer hours than before and as mentioned, many married woman with kids are also working. Todays shoppers want convenience of longer opening and trading hours and Sunday opening which most of the supermarkets and convenience store are doing nowadays. However, the implication for these retailers to work hard in order to maintain customer loyalty made marketers of carbonated drinks to work even harder because more shopping trips means shopper have more opportunity to be disloyal to a brand. Besides, consumers purchasing habits now emphasize on value, convenience and variety. Furthermore, with the advancement in technology, consumers especially the younger generation are buying soft drinks through SMS. Manufacturers who are not adopting this trend are losing opportunity. For example, Coca-Cola drinkers in Singapore are able to order Coca-Cola through sending SMS from their mobile phone and the mechanism work as a vending machine too. With the recent September 11th case, many Muslims countries have conducted boycotts towards American brands. As such, brand like Coca-Cola has been affected in these Muslims countries. As mentioned, cultural shifts towards greater concern in health and fitness may affect the demand for carbonated beverages because the increasing promotion of other health beverages such as cultured milk and traditional drinks creates greater competition. The speed of these changes has created increased pressure on manufacturers and marketers. The challenge for the carbonated drinks marketer is to understand its affect on demand for their products. Everyday, consumers around the world make decision on whether to buy or not to buy a product or brand or opt for that of a competitor. Some are decides when and where to shop. A marketers advertising, direct marketing, merchandising, packaging and point of sale materials affects all these decisions, as are shoppers own motivations and feelings about the shopping occasion and experience. Thus, the promotional mix needs to be changed to attract consumers and maintain their loyalty towards their product. Understanding human needs is critical for effective targeting marketing. However, these needs are not always detectable. The underlying motivations that most of the time marketers are not fully aware of helps maximise the potential of the brand if identified. Conclusion Understanding the changing needs of consumers and effective strategic marketing is critical to stay ahead. It is also important to understand brand relationship by exploring core needs of consumers and how consumers relate to the personality of a brand. For both manufacturers and retailers of carbonated beverages, success and failure is often a result of effective utilisation of market information to meet consumer needs and hence drive sales and profit.